Form groups of four and number the participants within the group. The participants run behind each other in single file with a certain distance between them and at a normal basic pace (number one at the very back, number four at the very front). Number one catches up with number two, then number two catches up with number three, before number three catches up with number four. The number four now runs back to the number one before catching up and replacing the person in front starts all over again. According to the time specified by the sports director, the participants continue to move at the basic pace and the respective pace changes without interruption.

Variant I:
Change the distance of the participants.
Variant II:
Change the basic pace.
Variant III:
Change the group size (3-8 participants).
Variant IV:
The number one picks up the number two. The pair catches up with number three together, number three now takes over from number one, etc.

Intensity level: 3 (medium)

HFmax: 80-90%

Speaking rule: speak in complete sentences

Note: the exercise form is suitable for tempo and intensity changes

No material required

Form groups of four and number the participants within the group. The participants run behind each other in single file at a certain distance and at a normal basic pace (number four at the very back, number one at the very front). Number four overtakes all the other participants and continues to run at a faster pace until the distance to the person behind (number one) is approximately the same as the distance between the other runners. The number three then starts to overtake the runners in front (possibly with a shout from the new leader). According to the time set by the sports leader, the participants continue to move at the basic pace and the respective pace changes without interruption.

Variant I:
Change the distance of the participants.
Variant II:
Change the basic pace.
Variant III:
Change the group size (3-8 participants).

Intensity level: 3 (medium)

HFmax: 80-90%

Speaking rule: speak in complete sentences

No material required

Side support on the (left) forearm, push the thigh of the upper leg straight out forwards (lower leg parallel, thigh bent at approx. 90 degrees to the body/leg) and return to the starting position.

Attention:
Head, torso, hips and knees practically form a line (pelvis does not tilt backwards or forwards), keep the shoulder above the elbow.

Lighten:
Knee on the floor; move your leg less forwards; just hold the position.

Harden:
Additional weight (for the free leg or on the hip); unstable support (possible for both the arm and the leg).

1 weight cuff/weight vest/weight disc/sandbag ► making the exercise more difficult (additional weight)
1 ball/1-2 balance cushions/1 balance board ► making the exercise more difficult (unstable surface)

Side support on the (right) forearm, push the thigh of the upper leg straight out forwards (lower leg parallel, thigh bent at approx. 90 degrees to the body/leg) and return to the starting position.

Attention:
Head, torso, hips and knees practically form a line (pelvis does not tilt backwards or forwards), keep the shoulder above the elbow.

Lighten:
Knee on the floor; move your leg less forwards; just hold the position.

Harden:
Additional weight (for the free leg or on the hip); unstable support (possible for both the arm and the leg).

1 weight cuff/weight vest/weight disc/sandbag ► making the exercise more difficult (additional weight)
1 ball/1-2 balance cushions/1 balance board ► making the exercise more difficult (unstable surface)

Lateral support with outstretched (left) arm, push the thigh of the upper leg straight out forwards (lower leg parallel, thigh bent at approx. 90 degrees to the body/leg) and return to the starting position.

Attention:
Head, torso, hips and knees practically form a line (pelvis does not tilt backwards or forwards), keep shoulder above elbow.

Lighten:
Knee on the floor; move your leg less forwards; just hold the position.

Harden:
Additional weight (for the free leg or on the hip); unstable support (possible for both the arm and the leg).

1 weight cuff/weight vest/weight disc/sandbag ► to make the exercise more difficult (additional weight)
1 ball/1-2 balance cushions ► to make the exercise more difficult (unstable surface)

Lateral support with outstretched (right) arm, push the thigh of the upper leg straight out forwards (lower leg parallel, thigh bent at approx. 90 degrees to the body/leg) and return to the starting position.

Attention:
Head, torso, hips and knees practically form a line (pelvis does not tilt backwards or forwards), keep shoulder above elbow.

Lighten:
Knee on the floor; move your leg less forwards; just hold the position.

Harden:
Additional weight (for the free leg or on the hip); unstable support (possible for both the arm and the leg).

1 weight cuff/weight vest/weight disc/sandbag ► to make the exercise more difficult (additional weight)
1 ball/1-2 balance cushions ► to make the exercise more difficult (unstable surface)

Underarm support (the outstretched legs and upper body practically form a line, the legs are supported on the tips of the toes and the upper body on the forearms, the forearms lie flat on the floor parallel to each other, the upper arms are vertical), move the upper body forwards and backwards by changing the angle between the forearm and upper arm.

Attention:
Head, torso, hips and knees practically form a line (do not stretch your buttocks upwards or let them sag, tense your stomach).

Lighten:
Knees on the floor (kneeling shift).

Harden:
Additional weight (on the back); unstable support for the legs and/or arms possible.

1 weight vest/weight disc/sandbag ► make the exercise more difficult (additional weight)
1 ball/1-2 balancing cushions/balance board ► make the exercise more difficult (unstable surface)

Stand upright with your feet shoulder-width apart, holding a dumbbell in one hand (left), the other hand resting loosely at your side or on your hip, shoulders back, chest out, and looking straight ahead. Slowly lean your upper body towards the side of the dumbbell without pushing your hips backwards, feeling a gentle stretch in your oblique abdominal muscles, then return to the starting position in a controlled manner. Breathing: Exhale as you straighten up, inhale as you bend to the side.

Attention:
Do not tilt your hips backwards, avoid jerky movements, do not twist your torso (your upper body should lean to the side), do not tense your neck (keep your head in line with your spine).

Lighten:
Less or no weight; knees slightly bent (takes the strain off the lower back and makes it easier to balance); smaller movements (minimal side-to-side tilt); lean against the wall (stabilises the back and hips).

Harden:
Add more weight; stand on a raised or unstable surface (greater balance required); hold the final position for slightly longer and/or slow down the pace.

1 dumbbell/weight plate

1 Step/Box/Balance Pad ► Make the exercise more challenging (raised or unstable surface)

Stand upright with your feet shoulder-width apart, holding a dumbbell in one hand (right), the other hand resting loosely at your side or on your hip, shoulders back, chest out, and looking straight ahead. Slowly lean your upper body towards the side of the dumbbell without pushing your hips backwards, feeling a gentle stretch in your oblique abdominal muscles, then return to the starting position in a controlled manner. Breathing: Exhale as you straighten up, inhale as you bend to the side.

Attention:
Do not tilt your hips backwards, avoid jerky movements, do not twist your torso (your upper body should lean to the side), do not tense your neck (keep your head in line with your spine).

Lighten:
Less or no weight; knees slightly bent (takes the strain off the lower back and makes it easier to balance); smaller movements (minimal side-to-side tilt); lean against the wall (stabilises the back and hips).

Harden:
Add more weight; stand on a raised or unstable surface (greater balance required); hold the final position for slightly longer and/or slow down the pace.

1 dumbbell/weight plate

1 Step/Box/Balance Pad ► Make the exercise more challenging (raised or unstable surface)

Place 3 small stones on the floor; balance on two of these stones. Move the third free stone; switch to this stone with one foot. Repeat the process without losing your balance.

Lighten:
Without equipment;
Larger stones.

Harden:
With a backpack;
Smaller stones.

Material per participant: Tenue CNM

Additional material: 3 small stones

A certain distance is to be covered several times in the same time. In the first run, the route is completed at as constant a pace as possible in accordance with the specified intensity range. The partner stops the time required for this and does not tell the runner. The roles are then swapped. At the start of the second run, the runners start with the aim of completing the course in exactly the same time. The partner stops the time again and calculates the difference to the first run.

Course: Circular run or out-and-back course (specify a maximum duration depending on the length of the course)

Intensity level: 3 (medium)

HFmax: 80-90%

Speech rule: speak in full sentences

Variant:
Complete the same course faster/slower by a certain time.

Per group of 2:
1 stopwatch

The participants form small groups and tell each other as much as possible about today/the past weekend/their plans for the future etc. during an endurance run. The intensity of the run is correspondingly low (nevertheless form strength groups). The endurance run takes place on a circular route (if possible, do not choose the athletics track or the football pitch) or a route that is run there and back.

Course: circuit; from A to B and back again

Intensity level: 1-2 (very easy-going)

Hmax: 60-80%

Speaking rule: sing-speak in full sentences

Attention:
The course must be known or clearly signalled to all participants.

Variant:
Swap partners/groups at half-time.

Signalling (e.g. route tape)

Evaluation FTA (group formation)

Participant:
1 heart rate monitor

Two participants stand opposite each other in a slight straddle position and touch each other with their palms (or a small distance between the palms). The participants try to unbalance their opponent by pushing or dodging quickly and forcefully, without moving their feet. Whoever moves their feet loses.

No material required

A continuous/loop run is carried out, in which strengthening exercises are integrated after a certain running distance (e.g. push-ups, trunk bends, pull-ups, jump forms, support legs, etc.). The strengthening exercises to be completed are specified either by means of posters or by a leader.

Course: circuit

Intensity level: 3 (medium)

Hmax: 80-90%

Rule of speech: speak in full sentences

Caution:
Course clearly visible from post to post (e.g. on sight, with signs).e.g. on sight, with signs or maps).

Variant:
Use existing course inside or outside the weapons range (defined course including permanently installed control posters).

x control posters (to be displayed in advance if not permanently installed)
1 exercise sequence (for sports leaders)

FTA evaluation (group formation)

Per participant:
1 heart rate monitor

Per group:
1 control overview

While seated, place an elasticated band around the (left) thigh and grasp the band with the (left) hand, with the back of the hand pointing downwards. The arm holding the band is bent so that the upper arm is against the body and the lower arm is pointing forwards (90 degree angle at the elbow joint). The other (right) arm fixes the training arm by holding the forearm at the elbow. From this position, rotate the arm inwards (pronation) so that the back of the hand is pointing upwards in the end position.

Attention:
The movement only takes place in the forearm, the upper arm remains stable.

Lighten:
Select a rubber band with less resistance.

Harden:
Select a rubber band with greater resistance.

1 mini-band
1 seating option (e.g. chair, plyo box or vaulting box)

While seated, place an elasticated band around the (right) thigh and grasp the band with the (right) hand, with the back of the hand pointing downwards. The arm holding the band is bent so that the upper arm is against the body and the lower arm is pointing forwards (90 degree angle at the elbow joint). The other (left) arm secures the training arm by holding the forearm at the elbow. From this position, rotate the arm inwards (pronation) so that the back of the hand is pointing upwards in the end position.

Attention:
The movement only takes place in the forearm, the upper arm remains stable.

Lighten:
Select an elastic band with less resistance.

Harden:
Select an elastic band with greater resistance.

1 mini-band
1 seating option (e.g. chair, plyo box or vaulting box)

Pyramid training is a special type of interval training that can be run extensively (longer sections at a brisk pace) or intensively (shorter sections at a very fast pace). As the name suggests, the effort initially increases continuously (in the form of a staircase) and is then reduced again to the same extent. There is always a trotting break between the efforts, which is measured by the intensity of the effort. The units should be run so fast that an interval can just be added at the end (extensive) or another interval would no longer feel possible (intensive). It is important to concentrate on an optimal running technique, because as soon as you are no longer running "cleanly", you are travelling too fast. The individual intervals are run very quickly, but as evenly as possible (the shorter the effort, the higher the intensity and vice versa). For shorter workouts, you cannot rely completely on the heart rate for intensity levels, as the heart rate only adapts to the exertion with a slight delay at the start of the workout.

Running training with alternating exertion and recovery:

1. 100m exertion (intensity level: 4-5)
2. 300m exertion (intensity level: 4)
3. 500m exertion (intensity level: 3-4)
4. 800m effort (intensity level: 3-4)
5. 500m effort (intensity level: 3-4)
6. 300m effort (intensity level: 4)
7. 100m effort (intensity level: 4-5)

Break: 200-400m each

Intensity level 3:
HFmax: 80-90%
Rule of speech: speak in complete sentences

Intensity level 4:
HFmax: 90-95%
Rule of speech: concise exchange of words

Intensity level 5:
Hmax: 95-100%
Speech rule: no more word exchanges possible

Pyramid training can be completed both on a track and off-road. Running on the track has the advantage that the runner always has control over the distance and the current running pace, which can promote the development of a sense of speed. Whether on the track or off-road, the distances to be covered must be clearly defined for the participants (distance markings). It may also be the case that a turning point is defined if the total distance is not long enough (determine running directions to avoid collisions). After the exertion phase, the participants continue to trot at a relaxed pace until they reach the marker for the next exertion phase (variation: march). To ensure that the participants have enough space for the run, it makes sense to stagger them (spread them out on the track or send them out on the track in a staggered manner). Pyramid training can be carried out as follows:

• Round course: To ensure that the participants have enough space available for the run, they can be spread out on the round course at the start. The participants/groups start the intervals independently, complete the prescribed distances and, if desired, measure the times (note the times so that the same distances are completed in approximately the same time - note-taking is almost impossible to implement in practice). The participants themselves decide how they spend the breaks (e.g. marching or relaxed trotting - however, the same form of recovery should always be maintained in a training session). During the recovery phase, care is taken to ensure that no participants who are in a stress phase are disturbed.
• Distance of at least 900 metres: Distances are marked with signs (every 25-50 metres). Each participant/group completes the specified distances independently according to the instructions of the sports director (observe running directions so that the total length of the course is sufficient). The times for the respective sections of the course can be recorded independently by the participants if desired (comparison of identical sections). The participants/groups cover the distances to the start of the next interval by marching or at a relaxed trot (keep the same form for training). There is the option of staggering the start of the participants, whereby the running routes must be clearly defined in order to avoid collisions.
• Long-distance circuit: The distances are marked with signs (every 25-50 metres). In the recovery phases, the participants/groups march or trot until the next interval start is marked (always choose the same type of break in a training session). The participants can time the different sections of the course so that the same distances can be compared with each other. After the last interval unit, all runners return to the starting point, which takes additional time. Ideally, the running distance corresponds approximately to the distance that can be covered in the time available in order to generate as little additional displacement time as possible (e.g. 4.2km with 3x200m, 2x300m and 1x400m break sections).

Distance markers (signs with metres)

Evaluation FTA (group formation)

Participant:
1 heart rate monitor

Participant/group:
1 stopwatch

Pyramid training is a special type of interval training that can be run extensively (longer sections at a brisk pace) or intensively (shorter sections at a very fast pace). As the name suggests, the effort initially increases continuously (in the form of a staircase) and is then reduced again to the same extent. There is always a trotting break between the efforts, which is measured by the intensity of the effort. The units should be run so fast that an interval can just be added at the end (extensive) or another interval would no longer feel possible (intensive). It is important to concentrate on an optimal running technique, because as soon as you are no longer running "cleanly", you are travelling too fast. The individual intervals are run very quickly, but as evenly as possible (the shorter the effort, the higher the intensity and vice versa). For shorter workouts, you cannot rely completely on the heart rate for intensity levels, as the heart rate only adapts to the exertion with a slight delay at the start of the workout.

Running training with alternating exertion and recovery:

1. 100m exertion (intensity level: 4-5)
2. 200m exertion (intensity level: 4-5)
3. 300m exertion (intensity level: 4)
4. 400m effort (intensity level: 3-4)
5. 500m effort (intensity level: 3-4)
6. 400m effort (intensity level: 3-4)
7. 300m effort (intensity level: 4)
8. 200m effort (intensity level: 4-5)
9. 100m effort (intensity level: 4-5)

Pause: 200-400m each

Intensity level 3:
max HR: 80-90%
speaking rule: speak in complete sentences

Intensity level 4:
max HR: 90-95%
Speech rule: short exchanges

Intensity level 5:
HFmax: 95-100%
Speech rule: no more exchanges possible

Pyramid training can be completed both on a track and off-road. Running on the track has the advantage that the runner always has control over the distance and the current running pace, which can promote the development of a sense of speed. Whether on the track or off-road, the distances to be covered must be clearly defined for the participants (distance markings). It may also be the case that a turning point is defined if the total distance is not long enough (determine running directions to avoid collisions). After the exertion phase, the participants continue to trot at a relaxed pace until they reach the marker for the next exertion phase (variation: march). To ensure that the participants have enough space for the run, it makes sense to stagger them (spread them out on the track or send them out on the track in a staggered manner). Pyramid training can be carried out as follows:

• Round course: To ensure that the participants have enough space available for the run, they can be spread out on the round course at the start. The participants/groups start the intervals independently, complete the prescribed distances and, if desired, measure the times (note the times so that the same distances are completed in approximately the same time - note-taking is almost impossible to implement in practice). The participants themselves decide how they spend the breaks (e.g. marching or relaxed trotting - however, the same form of recovery should always be maintained in a training session). During the recovery phase, care is taken to ensure that no participants who are in a stress phase are disturbed.
• Distance of at least 1000 metres: Distances are marked with signs (every 25-50 metres). Each participant/group completes the specified distances independently according to the instructions of the sports director (observe running directions so that the total length of the course is sufficient). The times for the respective sections of the course can be recorded independently by the participants if desired (comparison of identical sections). The participants/groups cover the distances to the start of the next interval by marching or at a relaxed trot (keep the same form for training). There is the option of staggering the start of the participants, whereby the running routes must be clearly defined in order to avoid collisions.
• Long-distance circuit: The distances are marked with signs (every 25-50 metres). In the recovery phases, the participants/groups march or trot until the next interval start is marked (always choose the same type of break in a training session). The participants can time the different sections of the course so that the same distances can be compared with each other. After the last interval unit, all runners return to the starting point, which takes additional time. Ideally, the running distance corresponds approximately to the distance that can be covered in the time available in order to generate as little additional displacement time as possible (e.g. 4.2km with 7x200m and 1x300m break sections).

Distance markers (signs with metres)

Evaluation FTA (group formation)

Participant:
1 heart rate monitor

Participant/group:
1 stopwatch

Pyramid training is a special type of interval training that can be run extensively (longer sections at a brisk pace) or intensively (shorter sections at a very fast pace). As the name suggests, the effort initially increases continuously (in the form of a staircase) and is then reduced again to the same extent. There is always a trotting break between the efforts, which is measured by the intensity of the effort. The units should be run so fast that an interval can just be added at the end (extensive) or another interval would no longer feel possible (intensive). It is important to concentrate on an optimal running technique, because as soon as you are no longer running "cleanly", you are travelling too fast. The individual intervals are run very quickly, but as evenly as possible (the shorter the effort, the higher the intensity and vice versa). For shorter workouts, you cannot rely completely on the heart rate for intensity levels, as the heart rate only adapts to the exertion with a slight delay at the start of the workout.

Running training with alternating exertion and recovery:

1. 15 seconds exertion (intensity level: 5) - 15 seconds rest
2. 20 seconds exertion (intensity level: 5) - 20 seconds rest
3. 25 seconds exertion (intensity level: 4-5) - 25 seconds rest
4. 30 seconds load (intensity level: 4-5) - 25 seconds rest
5. 25 seconds load (intensity level: 4-5) - 20 seconds rest
6. 20 seconds load (intensity level: 5) - 15 seconds break
7. 15 seconds of exertion (intensity level: 5)

Intensity level 4:
HFmax: 90-95%
Speech rule: brief exchange of words

Intensity level 5:
HFmax: 95-100%
Speech rule: No more exchange of words possible

The pyramid training can be carried out as follows:

• Round track: To ensure that the participants have enough space available for the run, they can be spread out on the round track for the start. The sports director has all participants in view and can therefore start or stop the intervals by signalling. The participants decide for themselves how to spend the breaks (e.g. on the spot, marching or at a relaxed trot).
• Distance of at least 500 metres: Distances are marked with signs (every 25-50 metres). Each participant receives a stop/pulse watch, runs along the specified route for the duration of the respective exercise (observe the running directions as specified by the sports director so that the total length of the route is sufficient) and calculates the distance covered. It is possible for participants to start in stages, whereby the running routes must be determined in order to avoid collisions. If the course allows it, the sports director can give the start/stop signal for all participants (no staggering possible).
• Longer distance race: The distances are marked with signs (every 25-50m). Each participant receives a stop/pulse watch, runs the course independently and calculates the distance travelled (no staggered start of the participants necessary). During the breaks, participants wait in place or continue running at a relaxed trot until the break time has elapsed. After the last run, all runners return to the starting point, which takes additional time. Ideally, the running distance corresponds approximately to the distance that can be covered in the time available in order to generate as little additional displacement time as possible.

With the same duration of exertion, an attempt is made to ensure that the participants/groups also reach the same distance. However, there is very little time to calculate and record the distances, which makes it difficult to compare runs of the same duration in practice.

Distance markers (signs with metres)
1 signalling instrument (e.g. whistle)

FTA evaluation (group formation)

Per participant:
1 heart rate monitor

For sports leader or per participant/group:
1 stopwatch

Pyramid training is a special type of interval training that can be run extensively (longer sections at a brisk pace) or intensively (shorter sections at a very fast pace). As the name suggests, the effort initially increases continuously (in the form of a staircase) and is then reduced again to the same extent. There is always a trotting break between the efforts, which is measured by the intensity of the effort. The units should be run so fast that an interval can just be added at the end (extensive) or another interval would no longer feel possible (intensive). It is important to concentrate on an optimal running technique, because as soon as you are no longer running "cleanly", you are travelling too fast. The individual intervals are run very quickly, but as evenly as possible (the shorter the effort, the higher the intensity and vice versa). For shorter workouts, you cannot rely completely on the heart rate for intensity levels, as the heart rate only adapts to the exertion with a slight delay at the start of the workout.

Running training with alternating effort and recovery:

1. 15 seconds effort (intensity level: 5) - 15 seconds rest
2. 30 seconds effort (intensity level: 4-5) - 30 seconds rest
3. 45 seconds effort (intensity level: 4-5) - 45 seconds rest
4. 60 seconds load (intensity level: 4-5) - 45 seconds rest
5. 45 seconds load (intensity level: 4-5) - 30 seconds rest
6. 30 seconds load (intensity level: 4-5) - 15 seconds break
7. 15 seconds of exertion (intensity level: 5)

Intensity level 4:
HFmax: 90-95%
Rule of speech: brief exchange of words

Intensity level 5:
HFmax: 95-100%
Rule of speech: No more exchange of words possible

The pyramid training can be carried out as follows:

• Round track: To ensure that the participants have enough space available for the run, they can be spread out on the round track for the start. The sports director has all participants in view and can therefore start or stop the intervals by signalling. The participants decide for themselves how to spend the breaks (e.g. on the spot, marching or at a relaxed trot).
• Distance of at least 500 metres: Distances are marked with signs (every 25-50 metres). Each participant receives a stop/pulse watch, runs along the specified route for the duration of the respective exercise (observe the running directions as specified by the sports director so that the total length of the route is sufficient) and calculates the distance covered. It is possible for participants to start in stages, whereby the running routes must be determined in order to avoid collisions. If the course allows it, the sports director can give the start/stop signal for all participants (no staggering possible).
• Longer distance race: The distances are marked with signs (every 25-50m). Each participant receives a stop/pulse watch, runs the course independently and calculates the distance travelled (no staggered start of the participants necessary). During the breaks, participants wait in place or continue running at a relaxed trot until the break time has elapsed. After the last run, all runners return to the starting point, which takes additional time. Ideally, the running distance corresponds approximately to the distance that can be covered in the time available in order to generate as little additional displacement time as possible.

With the same duration of exertion, an attempt is made to ensure that the participants/groups also reach the same distance. However, there is very little time to calculate and record the distances, which makes it difficult to compare runs of the same duration in practice.

Distance markers (signs with metres)
1 signalling instrument (e.g. whistle)

FTA evaluation (group formation)

Per participant:
1 heart rate monitor

For sports leader or per participant/group:
1 stopwatch

Pyramid training is a special type of interval training that can be run extensively (longer sections at a brisk pace) or intensively (shorter sections at a very fast pace). As the name suggests, the effort initially increases continuously (in the form of a staircase) and is then reduced again to the same extent. There is always a trotting break between the efforts, which is measured by the intensity of the effort. The units should be run so fast that an interval can just be added at the end (extensive) or another interval would no longer feel possible (intensive). It is important to concentrate on an optimal running technique, because as soon as you are no longer running "cleanly", you are travelling too fast. The individual intervals are run very quickly, but as evenly as possible (the shorter the effort, the higher the intensity and vice versa). For shorter workouts, you cannot rely completely on the heart rate for intensity levels, as the heart rate only adapts to the exertion with a slight delay at the start of the workout.

Running training with alternating exertion and recovery:

1. 30 seconds exertion (intensity level: 5) - 30 seconds rest
2. 45 seconds exertion (intensity level: 4-5) - 45 seconds rest
3. 60 seconds exertion (intensity level: 4-5) - 60 seconds rest
4. 90 seconds load (intensity level: 4) - 60 seconds rest
5. 60 seconds load (intensity level: 4-5) - 45 seconds rest
6. 45 seconds load (intensity level: 4-5) - 30 seconds break
7. 30 seconds of exertion (intensity level: 5)

Intensity level 4:
HFmax: 90-95%
Speech rule: brief exchange of words

Intensity level 5:
HFmax: 95-100%
Speech rule: No more exchange of words possible

The pyramid training can be carried out as follows:

• Round track: To ensure that the participants have enough space available for the run, they can be spread out on the round track for the start. The sports director has all participants in view and can therefore start or stop the intervals by signalling. The participants decide for themselves how to spend the breaks (e.g. on the spot, marching or at a relaxed trot).
• Distance of at least 700 metres: Distances are marked with signs (every 25-50 metres). Each participant receives a stop/pulse watch, runs along the specified route for the duration of the respective exercise (observe the running directions as specified by the sports director so that the total length of the route is sufficient) and calculates the distance covered. It is possible for participants to start in stages, whereby the running routes must be determined in order to avoid collisions. If the course allows it, the sports director can give the start/stop signal for all participants (no staggering possible).
• Longer distance race: The distances are marked with signs (every 25-50m). Each participant receives a stop/pulse watch, runs the course independently and calculates the distance travelled (no staggered start of the participants necessary). During the breaks, participants wait in place or continue running at a relaxed trot until the break time has elapsed. After the last run, all runners return to the starting point, which takes additional time. Ideally, the running distance corresponds approximately to the distance that can be covered in the time available in order to generate as little additional displacement time as possible.

With the same duration of exertion, an attempt is made to ensure that the participants/groups also reach the same distance. However, there is very little time to calculate and record the distances, which makes it difficult to compare runs of the same duration in practice.

Distance markers (signs with metres)
1 signalling instrument (e.g. whistle)

FTA evaluation (group formation)

Per participant:
1 heart rate monitor

For sports leader or per participant/group:
1 stopwatch

Pyramid training is a special type of interval training that can be run extensively (longer sections at a brisk pace) or intensively (shorter sections at a very fast pace). As the name suggests, the effort initially increases continuously (in the form of a staircase) and is then reduced again to the same extent. There is always a trotting break between the efforts, which is measured by the intensity of the effort. The units should be run so fast that an interval can just be added at the end (extensive) or another interval would no longer feel possible (intensive). It is important to concentrate on an optimal running technique, because as soon as you are no longer running "cleanly", you are travelling too fast. The individual intervals are run very quickly, but as evenly as possible (the shorter the effort, the higher the intensity and vice versa). For shorter workouts, you cannot rely completely on the heart rate for intensity levels, as the heart rate only adapts to the exertion with a slight delay at the start of the workout.

Running training with alternating exertion and recovery:

1. 30 seconds exertion (intensity level: 5) - 30 seconds rest
2. 60 seconds exertion (intensity level: 4-5) - 60 seconds rest
3. 90 seconds exertion (intensity level: 4) - 60 seconds rest
4. 60 seconds exertion (intensity level: 4-5) - 30 seconds rest
5. 30 seconds exertion (intensity level: 5)

Intensity level 4:
HFmax: 90-95%
Rule of speech: brief exchange of words

Intensity level 5:
HFmax: 95-100%
Rule of speech: No more exchange of words possible

The pyramid training can be carried out as follows:

• Round track: To ensure that the participants have enough space for the run, they can be spread out on the round track for the start. The sports director has all participants in view and can therefore start or stop the intervals by signalling. The participants decide for themselves how to spend the breaks (e.g. on the spot, marching or at a relaxed trot).
• Distance of at least 700 metres: Distances are marked with signs (every 25-50 metres). Each participant receives a stop/pulse watch, runs along the specified route for the duration of the respective exercise (observe the running directions as specified by the sports director so that the total length of the route is sufficient) and calculates the distance covered. It is possible for participants to start in stages, whereby the running routes must be determined in order to avoid collisions. If the course allows it, the sports director can give the start/stop signal for all participants (no staggering possible).
• Longer distance race: The distances are marked with signs (every 25-50m). Each participant receives a stop/pulse watch, runs the course independently and calculates the distance travelled (no staggered start of the participants necessary). During the breaks, participants wait in place or continue running at a relaxed trot until the break time has elapsed. After the last run, all runners return to the starting point, which takes additional time. Ideally, the running distance corresponds approximately to the distance that can be covered in the time available in order to generate as little additional displacement time as possible.

With the same duration of exertion, an attempt is made to ensure that the participants/groups also reach the same distance. However, there is very little time to calculate and record the distances, which makes it difficult to compare runs of the same duration in practice.

Distance markers (signs with metres)
1 signalling instrument (e.g. whistle)

FTA evaluation (group formation)

Per participant:
1 heart rate monitor

For sports leader or per participant/group:
1 stopwatch

Pyramid training is a special type of interval training that can be run extensively (longer sections at a brisk pace) or intensively (shorter sections at a very fast pace). As the name suggests, the effort initially increases continuously (in the form of a staircase) and is then reduced again to the same extent. There is always a trotting break between the efforts, which is measured by the intensity of the effort. The units should be run so fast that an interval can just be added at the end (extensive) or another interval would no longer feel possible (intensive). It is important to concentrate on an optimal running technique, because as soon as you are no longer running "cleanly", you are travelling too fast. The individual intervals are run very quickly, but as evenly as possible (the shorter the effort, the higher the intensity and vice versa). For shorter workouts, you cannot rely completely on the heart rate for intensity levels, as the heart rate only adapts to the exertion with a slight delay at the start of the workout.

Running training with alternating exertion and recovery:

1. 10 seconds exertion (intensity level: 5) - 10 seconds rest
2. 15 seconds exertion (intensity level: 5) - 15 seconds rest
3. 20 seconds exertion (intensity level: 5) - 20 seconds rest
4. 25 seconds load (intensity level: 4-5) - 25 seconds rest
5. 30 seconds load (intensity level: 4-5) - 25 seconds rest
6. 25 seconds load (intensity level: 4-5) - 20 seconds rest
7. 20 seconds load (intensity level: 5) - 15 seconds break
8. 15 seconds of exertion (intensity level: 5) - 10 seconds break
9. 10 seconds of exertion (intensity level: 5)

Intensity level 4:
Max HR: 90-95%
Rule of speech: brief exchange of words

Intensity level 5:
Max HR: 95-100%
Rule of speech: no more exchange of words possible

The pyramid training can be carried out as follows:

• Round track: To ensure that the participants have enough space available for the run, they can be spread out on the round track for the start. The sports director has all participants in view and can therefore start or stop the intervals by signalling. The participants decide for themselves how to spend the breaks (e.g. on the spot, marching or at a relaxed trot).
• Distance of at least 300 metres: Distances are marked with signs (every 25-50 metres). Each participant receives a stop/pulse watch, runs along the specified route for the duration of the respective exercise (observe the running directions as specified by the sports director so that the total length of the route is sufficient) and calculates the distance covered. It is possible for participants to start in stages, whereby the running routes must be determined in order to avoid collisions. If the course allows it, the sports director can give the start/stop signal for all participants (no staggering possible).
• Longer distance race: The distances are marked with signs (every 25-50m). Each participant receives a stop/pulse watch, runs the course independently and calculates the distance travelled (no staggered start of the participants necessary). During the breaks, participants wait in place or continue running at a relaxed trot until the break time has elapsed. After the last run, all runners return to the starting point, which takes additional time. Ideally, the running distance corresponds approximately to the distance that can be covered in the time available in order to generate as little additional displacement time as possible.

With the same duration of exertion, an attempt is made to ensure that the participants/groups also reach the same distance. However, there is very little time to calculate and record the distances, which makes it difficult to compare runs of the same duration in practice.

Distance markers (signs with metres)
1 signalling instrument (e.g. whistle)

FTA evaluation (group formation)

Per participant:
1 heart rate monitor

For sports leader or per participant/group:
1 stopwatch

Pyramid training is a special type of interval training that can be run extensively (longer sections at a brisk pace) or intensively (shorter sections at a very fast pace). As the name suggests, the effort initially increases continuously (in the form of a staircase) and is then reduced again to the same extent. There is always a trotting break between the efforts, which is measured by the intensity of the effort. The units should be run so fast that an interval can just be added at the end (extensive) or another interval would no longer feel possible (intensive). It is important to concentrate on an optimal running technique, because as soon as you are no longer running "cleanly", you are travelling too fast. The individual intervals are run very quickly, but as evenly as possible (the shorter the effort, the higher the intensity and vice versa). For shorter workouts, you cannot rely completely on the heart rate for intensity levels, as the heart rate only adapts to the exertion with a slight delay at the start of the workout.

Running training with alternating exertion and recovery:

1. 15 seconds exertion (intensity level: 5) - 15 seconds rest
2. 30 seconds exertion (intensity level: 4-5) - 30 seconds rest
3. 45 seconds exertion (intensity level: 4-5) - 30 seconds rest
4. 30 seconds exertion (intensity level: 4-5) - 15 seconds rest
5. 15 seconds exertion (intensity level: 5)

Intensity level 4:
HFmax: 90-95%
Rule of speech: brief exchange of words

Intensity level 5:
HFmax: 95-100%
Rule of speech: No more exchange of words possible

The pyramid training can be carried out as follows:

• Round track: To ensure that the participants have enough space for the run, they can be spread out on the round track for the start. The sports director has all participants in view and can therefore start or stop the intervals by signalling. The participants decide for themselves how to spend the breaks (e.g. on the spot, marching or at a relaxed trot).
• Distance of at least 400 metres: Distances are marked with signs (every 25-50 metres). Each participant receives a stop/pulse watch, runs along the specified route for the duration of the respective exercise (observe the running directions as specified by the sports director so that the total length of the route is sufficient) and calculates the distance covered. It is possible for participants to start in stages, whereby the running routes must be determined in order to avoid collisions. If the course allows it, the sports director can give the start/stop signal for all participants (no staggering possible).
• Longer distance race: The distances are marked with signs (every 25-50m). Each participant receives a stop/pulse watch, runs the course independently and calculates the distance travelled (no staggered start of the participants necessary). During the breaks, participants wait in place or continue running at a relaxed trot until the break time has elapsed. After the last run, all runners return to the starting point, which takes additional time. Ideally, the running distance corresponds approximately to the distance that can be covered in the time available in order to generate as little additional displacement time as possible.

With the same duration of exertion, an attempt is made to ensure that the participants/groups also reach the same distance. However, there is very little time to calculate and record the distances, which makes it difficult to compare runs of the same duration in practice.

Distance markers (signs with metres)
1 signalling instrument (e.g. whistle)

FTA evaluation (group formation)

Per participant:
1 heart rate monitor

For sports leader or per participant/group:
1 stopwatch